Foundations of Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Establishments of Business - Research Paper Example Infringement of insider exchanging likewise contain ‘tipping’ such data and misappropriation of data. There are different instances of insider exchanging. The representatives, officials and executives of corporate exchanged the protections of organization in the wake of learning the secret report of the organization. Companions, relatives and business partners of the corporate authorities may exchange the protections subsequent to accepting concealed data. The protections can likewise be exchanged by representative of banking, law and financier who are given such data. The administration representative can exchange the protections by taking in such data from their work (U.S. Protections and Exchange Commission, 2001). 2.0 Types of Transactions Considered Insider Trading Regardless of Their Legality The data of the organization isn't revealed to general society until the proper time. In the event that the workers or officials in the organization unveiled the material to p eople in general before organization does, at that point it will influence the stock cost of the organization. The material might be sure or negative however is unlawful to unveil to general society and it might result to the infringement of the approach of organization. The exchange must not happen until the following industry day after the presentation of material data. The exchanges which are restricted in the organization are exchange in organization protections and exchange in the protections of different organizations. In organization protections exchange, a representative knows about the materials and non-open data about the organization. He is required not to be a piece of specific exercises of the organization. Organization securities’ exchanging must not be done, for example buying or selling organization protections. He should not encourage people in general to purchase, hold or sell the protections of the organization. The worker ought not reveal the data of the o rganization and must not guide or help anybody in any of these exercises. Exchange is legitimate if there should arise an occurrence of crisis for fund-raising which isn't an exception to the denial made on insider exchanging. In other companies’ exchange in protections, a representative knows about the non open data of different organizations in view of their occupations. He should exchange protections of different organizations, which is the infringement of other companies’ strategies (Heckmann Corporation, n.d.). 3.0 Specific Conditions under Which Insider Trading Is Considered Illegal under United States’ Federal Securities Laws The laws of Federal protections restrict insiders from profiting by the data which have not been given to people in general. The laws don't give authorization that the part out in the open market ought to have equivalent data; rather it centers upon the way that specific people may utilize their situation to accomplish undue enlighte ning bit of leeway over others. Under US Federal protections laws, it is unlawful for each individual whether ‘directly or indirectly’, by utilizing any techniques or ‘instrumentality of interstate commerce’, by methods for sends or any offices of national protections trade so as to perform different exercises. An individual ought not utilize any plan, component or ingenuity to swindle. He ought not offer any bogus expression of a

Essay on The Crucible: Motivations for the Trials :: Essay on The Crucible

Inspirations for the Trials in The Crucibleâ â â Â â In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, the franticness of the Salem witch preliminaries is investigated in extraordinary detail. There are numerous hypotheses with respect to why the witch preliminaries came to fruition, the most well known of which is the young ladies' stifled childhoods. Nonetheless, there were different factors also, for example, Abigail Williams' undertaking with John Proctor, the mystery feelings of spite that neighbors held against one another, and the physical and monetary contrasts between the residents of Salem Village. From a verifiable perspective, it is realized that young ladies in provincial Massachusetts were given practically zero opportunity to act like kids. They were relied upon to walk straight, arms by their sides, eyes somewhat discouraged, and their mouths were to be closed except if in any case requested to talk. It isn't amazing that the young ladies would discover this sort of way of life exceptionally choking. To oppose it, they played tricks, for example, moving in the forested areas, tuning in to slaves' enchantment stories and imagining that different townspeople were beguiling them. The Crucible beginnings after the young ladies in the town have been found moving in the forested areas. As one of them falls wiped out, bits of gossip begin to fly that there is black magic going on in the forested areas, and that the wiped out young lady is charmed. When the young ladies converse with one another, they become increasingly more terrified of being denounced as witches, so Abigail begins blaming others for rehearsing black magic. Different young ladies all participate so the accuse won't be put for them. In the novel, Abigail begins the allegations by saying, I return to Jesus; I kiss his hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil! Another young lady, Betty, proceeds with the cry with, I saw George Jacobs with the Devil! I saw Goody Howe with the Devil! From here on, the allegations develop and develop until the correctional facilities flood with denounced witches. It more likely than not given them a mind blowing feeling of intensity when the entire town of Salem tuned in to their words and accepted every single allegation. All things considered, kids were to be seen and not heard in Puritan culture, and the recently discovered consideration was most likely overpowering. In Act Three of The Crucible, the young ladies were called under the steady gaze of the adjudicators to shield themselves against the cases that they were just acting.

The matrix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The lattice - Essay Example The executives of the film ‘The Matrix’ are the two Wachowski kin; they are Andy Wachowski and Lana Wachowski. The two siblings were eager about the film even before its creation. It was an extremely yearning venture for them. They have depicted the strict conviction and the origination that they have in all around recorded way in the film. The strict tendency of the kin originated from their mom. Their mom was initially a catholic, so the chiefs have a type of tendency towards the strict convictions and originations. In addition, their mom was likewise a Shamanist, for example she trusted in coming to a substitute perspective. She additionally used to build up a vitality that helped her to speak with the different spirits. Besides, she additionally used to have the ability to go into the altruistic and malicious spirits of the universe and can exceptionally impact them. These situations of religion and otherworldly convictions have profoundly affected kin to have a soli d tendency towards it. Subsequently, they were affected to make the film. The film, ‘The Matrix’, has likewise indicated a get the job done nearness of the strict and profound ideas. In addition, the two kin had gigantically battled in their initial existence of youth. They likewise accept that they had the option to get by in those battling days simply because of the favors of the God and the blessed spirits (Gerrold 1-257). Truly, ‘The Matrix’ is the advancement of an article that is affected by the political, social and social condition. There are different religions rehearsed in this world that accept the idea depicted in the film, ‘The Matrix’. Additionally, the strict convictions passed on in Christianity and Buddhism shows solid closeness in their principles to the message that is being depicted in the film. Numerous individuals in this world accept that the

A Secretary of State for Home Department - Free Essay Example

In light of the legal theory below, critically assess the judgements in A v Secretary of State for Home Department [2004] UKHL 56. What, if anything can the judgements tell us about legal theory? The question posed here provides a remarkable range of issues that are available for analysis by means of legal theory. The legal, political, social and moral constructs that provide the underpinning to the various approaches taken by the House of Lords in A v Home Secretary[1] are not capable of a simple pigeon holing into a defined category. It is submitted that the most fulsome analysis of A v Home Secretary is achieved through the use of positivist theory to examine all of the opinions contained within the judgement. The positivist approach of H.L.A Hart as developed and advanced through his own writings and those of subsequent contributors and commentators, is employed to establish the necessary analytical framework. Where necessary, other legal theories are employed to explain distinct features of the judgement, particularly the relationship between the Lordsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ opinions and the application of the rule of law. The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act[2] (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢) is a clear manifestation of positive law principles. The terrorist threat advanced by al-Qaeda that exploded in the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States had been rumbling throughout the Western world since the 1980s. The threat to nations such as Canada[3] and the UK was perceived to be mo re acute due to the strong alliances that each nation had with the United States. The Act was an amendment of legislation passed in 2000 in the UK[4] in response to this rising threat. Further, it is of some significance that the UK had extensive experience with terrorist incursions primarily arising from the conflict in Northern Ireland; those domestic threats had also been the subject of legislation that imposed limits on what were otherwise civil liberties.[5] These background points are of significance because the UK had an unfortunate domestic history with Irish-based terrorism that provided its government with a level of experience and insight into terrorist activities. The Act possesses the following distinct features: the power to arrest suspected terrorists the power to deport non-UK nationals who are suspected terrorists the power to detain those non-UK terrorists who could not be deported without breach of European and International conventions[6] The UK government was permitted to derogate from the provisions of the Human rights Act and the ECHR regarding the right to trail and the right to challenge detention as the circumstances of the terrorist threat constituted a public emergency and exceptional circumstance. [7] The battle lines were clearly drawn by the time the present appeal was heard in 2004, as all appellants were non-UK nationals; none were charged with a criminal offence; none were likely to be charged; all challenged the legality of their detention and the legality of the derogation order as one that contravened the ECHR.[8] The Act is proffered as a classic example of a positivist enactment because it embodies the twin ideals of (1) legislation is not connected to moral concerns; the government acknowledged that the appellants were a minority segment in society but the greater good and the prevention of terrorism must prevail; (2) the Act pays little heed to the concept of human rights of the related mo ral considerations of discrimination being carried out by the government against a defined segment of the population The Act seeks a legislative result absent moral considerations, a fundamental principle of positivist theory that has been developed since the time of Austin.[9] As emphatic an example of positive law is represented by the Act, the House of Lords judgements that the derogation Order was illegal and that the subject sections of the Act were incompatible with the ECHR was a triumph of natural law principles recast in modern time. The natural law focus of the Lordsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢opinions are often masked with the clinical language of statutory interpretation, stare decisis, and the principle of proportionality. All of these devices disguise an approach[10] that is simply the law being employed as a moral instrument for a moral purpose. In the conclusion to this paper, the sequel decision, A Ors v. Secretary of State for the Home Department (No.2)[11]takes th e natural law approaches of the current decision to their logical conclusion. As is suggested in greater detail below, the entirety of the House of Lords approach is in general accord with the principles of legal positivism as explained by Hart.[12] Hart had written in 1976 that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ at a time whenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦substantive issues of social policy are much discussed in terms of individual rights, we still need a satisfactory theory of basic human rights and their relationship with other values pursued through the law. So too, if positivism in jurisprudence is to be finally laid to rest, we still need a demonstration that an expanded concept of law, which includes for every legal system a unique set of justicatory principles as a reserve for the solution for hard cases, will illumine and not obscure the description and performance of the judgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s taskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[13] This particular selection from Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s extensive w ritings is not as widely quoted as others often taken from his work but it is one clearly of direct application in the present review. Both the anti-terrorism legislation as enacted by the government and the House of Lords opinions fall neatly within the parameters of the issue as Hart has characterised it. From the government perspective, engaged in making a proper response to a profound threat to the UK, the Act is an attempt to resolve a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"hard caseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that would seemingly call for a unique consideration. From the Lords perspective, their approach, although not articulating a specific legal theory, clearly regard the issues from the perspective of an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"expanded concept of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, where the court melds principles of law, social policy and basic human rights. In this context, the words of Lord Bingham, the leading expositor of the Lords position make a compelling connection to the ideas expressed by Hart. A true positivist (and those who hold classic conservative political values) would not accept the failure of a court to maintain the concepts of morality and law as separate. Lord Bingham explained the Lords position in terms that endorse such approaches (the following points are not exhaustive): The reliance upon Chahal in the context of a terrorist threat; where a UK non-national faces torture or the death penalty if deported, no detention is lawful even where there is a threat to national security[14] Derogation is an exceptional measure requiring actual and imminent danger; Lord Bingham limits the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s purported deference in policy matters through rigorous application of stare decisis principles[15] Other nations were also threatened with terrorist activity in Europe; only the UK employed derogation The government discretion must be given deference and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"great weightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (a positivist sentiment); the Lords sidestep this barrier with the position that, among others, the ECHR provisions cannot be overridden with government deference alone[16] The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"libertarianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ tradition of UK laws is emphasised and juxtaposed with Article 5, ECHR[17] The rule of law is highlighted as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"cornerstoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of UK justice[18] The Lords make a plain policy based pronouncement in their assertion that the differing standards for the detention of UK and non-UK nationals may contribute to the export of terrorism[19] It is plain that The House of Lords adopted an approach to the issues raised by the Act and derogation from the Human Rights Act and the Convention that is one that is similar in its execution to the theoretical proposal of Hart described above. The Lords have plainly used conventional legal theory to achieve a policy end. It must be emphasised that the manner in which the Lords approached the difficult circumstances presented has significant merit. The modern dynamic of domestic considerations being adjudicated against a mixed backdrop of UK precedent, European Community imperatives and domestic policy concerns is a scenario that is far more challenging for the judiciary than has ever existed in UK legal history. As Hart suggested 30 years ago, a satisfactory theory of basic human rights vis a vis the law is necessary; the present case represents such an effort. The criticism of the decision is not its methodology or result, but the fact that the Lords were not prepared to clearly state that theirs was a blended approach of law, policy, and human rights considerations. There are other powerful examples within the judgement that make this pint effectively. Lord Nicholls stated the issue on the appeal in classic terms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Indefinite imprisonment without charge or trial is anathema in any country which observes the rule of law.(emphasis added)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[20] Lord Nicholls then held that the government effort to provide an option in the context of the legislative scheme that would alleviate the consequences of indefinite detention, the so-called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"prison with three walls (so named because detainees retained their rights to leave the UK) was found wanting as a policy measure. Lord Hoffman attacked the Act obliquely, with the trenchant observation that the same UK government had relied upon faulty evidence as to the existence of weapons of mass destruction in the lead up to UK involvement in the Iraq war. One ma y ask whether there could be a more powerful policy, as opposed to application of legal theory, than this criticism of the legislation.[21]The point hinted at in these observations is evident that if the government could not be trusted to handle the Iraq situation, should the same government be trusted now? In a similar vein Lord Scott indicated that the impact of the declaration of incompatibility was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"politicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, not legal.[22] Lord Hope engaged in perhaps the purest legal analysis of the Act, as his reasons do not include the same degree of political and social overtones. Lord Hope turns the utilitarian approach on its head, in holding that the state may not discriminate against an unpopular minority for the good of the majority.[23] The judgements of the House of Lords taken together, may be seen as advancing a fundamental principle of law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦there is one residual principle that backs them all up and gives guidance where they are silent. This is the principle that human happiness ought to be promoted and misery prevented as far as possible. Through its application, human love to a degree replicates divine love. Hence, within many branches of natural law thinking, the usefulness, or utility of human laws for upholding rights derivable from higher law and, beyond that, for fostering human happiness in general, has been one ground for commending such laws, or for recommending improvements in them.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[24] The full impact of the predominately natural law approach (or mixed law approach as per Hart) is appreciated when one reviews the sequel judgement, A Ors v. Secretary of State for the Home Department (No. 2)[25]. The issue before the House in the sequel case was of a different character à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the admissibility of evidence obtained by torture where the UK was not complicit in the torture. Lord Bingham set out a lengthy analysis of the common l aw and the place of torture within that framework. He and the other Lords were unanimous that torture had no place in the UK common law system, a succinct commentary that engaged principles of morality, the natural law, stare decisis, and the rule of law. Lord Bingham also interjected into the analytical framework two notions that extended the moral considerations. The first was the concept of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"civilised societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[26]and the desire to maintain civility absent torture. This reference invites the rhetorical question of whether or to what extent a civilised society may use harsh or uncivilised means to preserve civility? The second moral interjection was the citation with approval of the Supreme Court of Canada decision in Oickle.[27]Oickle, and other recent Canadian and American case law, stands for the proposition that certain government actions can be disavowed by a court if the actions is seen as one that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"shocks the community sta ndardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Oickle is the product of a jurisdiction with a written constitution; however, the apparent elevation of this principle to a standard to be invoked in the UK courts is a further departure from any hold that positivism may have exerted in these constitutional considerations. The House of Lords has re-established the primacy of morality in the manner that the Court will assess government action. Hartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s formulation of law as one compromised of primary and secondary rules is well known. It is submitted that the approach adopted by the House of Lords to the thorny issues of law, morality, human rights and social policy in A v Home Secretary is in general accord with Hart. Bibliography Austin, John (1863) The Uses of the Study of Jurisprudence (ed. H. L. A. Hart London, 1954) Freeman, M. D. A. (1998) Legal Theory at the End of the Millennium Oxford: Oxford University Press Hart, H.L.A. (1976) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Law in the perspective of philosophy: 1776 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1976à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, 51 New York University Law Review, 538-551 Hart, H.L.A. (1961) The Concept of Law Oxford: Clarendon Table of Cases A Ors v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71 (8 December 2005) A Ors v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56 Brannigan and McBride v United Kingdom (1993) 17 EHRR 539 Chahal v United Kingdom (1996) 23 EHRR 413 Ireland v United Kingdom (1978) 2 EHRR 25; Marshall v United Kingdom (10 July 2001, Appn. No. 41571/98) R v Oickle [2000] 2 SCR 3 Table of Statutes Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (Part 4) Human Rights Act 1998 (Designated Derogation) Order 2001 (SI 2001/3644) European Convention on Human Rights Terrorism Act, 2000 1 Footnotes [1] [2004] UKHL 56 [2] Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (Part 4) [3] Canada enacted similar legislation as that in the UK; it was subject to different scrutiny due to the primacy of Canadaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s written constitution and its enshrined Charter of Rights and Freedoms. [4] Terrorism Act, 2000 [5] See e.g. Brannigan and McBride v United Kingdom (1993) 17 EHRR 539 [6] European Convention on Human rights, art. 14; see also Chahal v United Kingdom (1996) 23 EHRR 413 [7] A Ors v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56, para 15 [8] Ibid, para 22 [9] Austin, John Jurisprudence , 1 [10] All of the judgements delivered in A take this direction; [11] [2005] UKHL 71 [12] Hart, H.L.A (1961) The Concept of Law [13] Hart, H.L.A. (1976) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Law in the perspective of philosophy: 1776 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1976à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, 51 New York University Law Review, 538-551 [14] Chahal, p.420 [15] A [2004], para 19 [16] Ibid, para 29, 55 (Lord Bingham); para 90 (Lord Hoffman); para 108 (Lord Hope) [17] Ibid para 35 [18] Ibid para 42 [19] Ibid para 53 [20] Ibid, para 74, 80 [21] Ibid, para 94 [22] Ibid, para 154 [23] Ibid, para 136 [24] Freeman, M. D. A. (1998) Legal Theory at the End of the Millennium Oxford: Oxford University Press, 38 [25] [2005] UKHL 71 [26] Ibid, para 17 [27] R v Oickle [2000] 2 SCR 3

Presidential Candidate Donald Trump s Campaign Strategy...

I would like to discuss Presidential Candidate Donald Trump’s campaign strategy and plan. Donald Trump is a commonly known business mogul and celebrity. He is mainly known for his very large ego and commentary as well as his Real Estate background passed down from his father. He has gone bankrupt three times, which seems to be a large contradiction among his great deal of success of which he claims. Regardless of his past Donald Trump has decided and announced that he is running for president for 2016. Trump has a large background in business and real estate and if you watched the early debates, you would know that by him repeatedly saying how great his business is and how much money he has made. Trump is no question extremely successful with his claimed wealth and business status. Although Trump is successful with his real estate, it does not mean that he will know what to do when he is in the White House. Trump has no political background what so ever so it seems ha rd to believe that he would be able to run the country. The lack of political knowledge Trump has is startling, yet he has tremendous backing among polling results. He is in the lead now and has been for quite some time now. He has said multiple times that he has good people that will work for him and they will do a great job. His key phrase â€Å"we are going to make our country great again† has been the main focus of every one of his speeches. He continuously states that he is going to make thisShow MoreRelatedThe Election Of The Electoral College Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pages In the United States of America, the presidential elections are based on the Electoral College. The Electoral College is combined of the house of senators, House of Representatives in every state, and the U.S. Congress which is the head. 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Gateway Drugs - 3897 Words

Gateway Drugs and Common Drug Abuse The oldest known written record of drug use is a clay tablet from the ancient Sumerian civilization of the Middle East. This tablet, made in the 2000 s B.C., lists about a dozen drug prescriptions. An Egyptian scroll from bout 1550 B.C. names more than 800 prescriptions containing about 700 drugs. The ancient Chinese, Greek and Romans also used many drugs. The Greeks and Romans used opium to relieve pain. The Egyptians used castor oil as a laxative. The Chinese ate liver to cure anemia. In the 1500,s and 1600 s, doctors and scientists made important advances in Pharmacology and in other fields of science. In the early 1500 s, Swiss physician Philippus Paracelsus pioneered in the use of minerals†¦show more content†¦Bad trips and flashbacks are only part of the risks of LSD use. LSD users may manifest relatively long-lasting psychoses, such as schizophrenia or severe depression. It is difficult to determine the extent and mechanism of the LSD involvement in these illnesses. Schreiber 3 Most users of LSD voluntarily decrease or stop its use over time. LSD is not considered an addictive drug since it does not produce compulsive drug-seeking behavior, as do cocaine, amphetamine, heroin, alcohol, and nicotine. However, like many of the addictive drugs, LSD produces tolerance, so some users who take the drug repeatedly must take progressively higher doses to achieve the state of intoxication that they had previously achieved. This is an extremely dangerous practice, given the unpredictability of the drug. MDMA (Ecstasy) MDMA is a synthetic, psychoactive drug with both stimulant (amphetamine-like) and hallucinogenic (LSD-like) properties. Street names for MDMA include Ecstasy, Adam, XTC, hug, beans, and love drug. 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According to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), marijuana is a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act. â€Å"Schedule I drugs are classified as having a high potential for abuse, no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United StatesRead MoreMarijuana a Gateway Drug?906 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana Is a Gateway Drug First time marijuana use will lead to harder drugs, creates health risks including HIV. Earleywine, M. (2004). Marijuana Is Not a Gateway to Other Addictive Drugs. Most marijuana users do not touch hard drugs. First time marijuana use does not mean an individual will use harder drugs because people will use whatever drug is available when they are ready to experiment. According to data from the 2000 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA)Read MoreEssay on Pros and Cons of Legalizing Marijuana557 Words   |  3 Pagesand should be illegal, and some people think it is good in some ways if used properly. It should be legal because it has few negative effects, it serves other purposes than getting people stoned, and it is better than other drugs. Many advocates say â€Å" Marijuana is a common drug used by many people.†(Sandra) A lot of people think marijuana has numerous amounts of negative effects on the body. Marijuana helps the body in many different ways. It relaxes and relives stress from many people. It has beenRead MoreThe Drug Marijuana916 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana is one of the most commonly abused drugs around the world and is categorized by the US Drug Enforcement Agency as a schedule I drug. This means it has a higher chance of being abused. (â€Å"Legalization of marijuana: potential impact on youth† 1825). Those who are in support of legalizing marijuana do not understand the negative effects of legalizing marijuana and marijuana use itself. There are several arguments for legalizing marijuana, however, the reasons for keeping it illegal outweighRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?890 Words   |  4 Pagesimpair cognition and increase the risk for psychiatric diseases, such as schizophre nia.† (1) May cause death. In similar circumstances, people who advocate against marijuana being legalized may talk about, how marijuana is a gateway drug and if marijuana is legalized than drug use among kids will increase drastically. The position that I just stated is wrong and here’s why. What if your son or daughter or mother is passing away and the only thing that will assist them live little longer is marijuanaRead More paper1625 Words   |  7 Pageshow many deaths come from tobacco and alcohol about a half million. That is only deaths that doesn’t say how many people have lip cancer and things that aren’t going to kill them. People say marijuana is addicting, but marijuana is not an addicting drug. People who smoke marijuana feel relaxed, and also laugh more then usual. I don’t know why you laugh more but it is true. When using marijuana you do get less coordinated and don’t perform many things as well as when not high. As long as p eople dontRead MoreHayden Hines. Prof. Hawk. Comp 2. 9 Am-9:50 Am. 5 May 2017.1040 Words   |  5 Pagesgiven 30+ years of prison time. A popular belief today is that marijuana should be categorized as a harsh drug that produces a health hazard and if caught with it, deserves a harsh penalty and should in most cases be considered a gateway drug. A gateway drug is something that people see as a drug that isn’t as hard-core as others, but using this drug may lead some to try even more dangerous drugs because eventually they will need something more intense than the high that marijuana gives them. While

Reflective Journal News Writing

Question: Discuss about the case study Reflective Journal for News Writing. Answer: Introduction: The past semester on journalism and newswriting has been an enriching learning experience for me. I have learned about various concepts related to newswriting, out of which the inverted pyramid style of story structuring and interviewing were most relevant. I have also gained a lot of insight about my writing style and developed skills to improve my quality of writing. Essential Concepts Learned. The inverted pyramid style of news writing is a fundamental concept since it structures the most essential information first, followed by additional details in decreasing order of importance (Scanlan, 2003), and based on the 5W and 1H style of structuring (Rogers, 2016). This helps to swiftly direct the readers attention to the most important facts of the news in a sequence which arouses interest (Brech, 2013). I will be able to use an inverted pyramid style of writing for structuring my articles and reports (Greer, 1999) during my internship and also apply it to my day to day business communications like emails, memos, letters and agendas (Vitez, No Date) in my future workplace to make them effective and concise. Interviewing is the best tool to find out truths and relevant facts in journalism and news writing (Harcup, 2015). It helps to gather and record specific information and from a source through face-to-face, telephone or digital conversation (Daly Kille, 2016). Having a clear understanding of the interviewing process will help me to feel confident whenever I have to appear for a job interview myself, be it for the internship or for my subsequent career life. I will also be able to ask relevant questions pertaining to the job during the hiring process in an appropriate and respectable way. Key Challenges Faced. The biggest challenge I faced in learning these concepts was during my initial attempts at applying the concepts in my own news writing. I had difficulty in distinguishing the most newsworthy information from the less important facts. In addition to this, I had problems in understanding what questions should be asked in an interview, in what order and how to frame the questions in an appropriate tone. I was also unable to follow some of the terms and expressions used in the study material. I overcame these issues by extensively reading a lot of news reports, press releases and interviews that helped me to identify the desired flow of information. I kept referring to the dictionary to find out meanings of difficult words and regularly practising to write sample articles and interview questions in my own words, which helped to clear my concepts. Improvement in Writing Style. When I started off with this course at the beginning of the semester, my level of writing was average, but as the time progressed, I learned new skills which helped me to become a better writer. I have observed that my writing abilities have improved drastically, my vocabulary has increased (The Huffington Post, 2014), and I am now able to write in a more organised way. I have learned how to write with a more formal tone and how to give credit to the sources of information I refer to during any research. My writing now has clarity, is comprehensive and does not contain spelling errors or grammatical mistakes. My current writing capabilities have increased my confidence and made me feel more satisfied with my work. References Brech, J., 2013. Inverted Pyramid Style. [Online] Available at: https://webwisewording.com/inverted-pyramid/ [Accessed 20 July 2016]. Daly, C. B. Kille, L. W., 2016. Interviewing a source: Rules of the road; talking with officials and experts. [Online] Available at: https://journalistsresource.org/tip-sheets/reporting/interviewing-a-source [Accessed 20 July 2016]. Greer, G., 1999. A New Introduction to Journalism. 9th ed. South Africa: Juta and Company Ltd. Harcup, T., 2015. Journalism: Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. London: Sage. Rogers, T., 2016. Definition of Inverted Pyramid - What is the Inverted Pyramid Format?. [Online] Available at: https://journalism.about.com/od/journalismglossary/g/glinvpyramid.htm [Accessed 20 July 2016]. Scanlan, C., 2003. Writing from the Top Down: Pros and Cons of the Inverted Pyramid. [Online] Available at: https://www.poynter.org/2003/writing-from-the-top-down-pros-and-cons-of-the-inverted-pyramid/12754/ [Accessed 20 Juy 2016]. The Huffington Post, 2014. 20 Reasons Why You Should Major in Journalism. [Online] Available at: https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/20-reasons-why-you-should_b_5760604 [Accessed 20 July 2016]. Vitez, O., No Date. Types of Business Communications. [Online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/types-business-communications-697.html [Accessed 20 July 2016].

Touro University International Essays (466 words) -

Touro University International James L. White ETH 501 Module 4, Session Long Project Dr. Steven J. Gold INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to describe any sense of barriers in women's advancement in my firm or if there have been such barriers in the past. This report will provide the reader with some information about the company I work for and some facts about the barriers women have been through. By discussing these topics I hope to offer some knowledge about my organization. I will conclude this report with a brief summary of the entire analysis, highlighting some of the most significant parts that the report contains. BARRIERS As you can recall; I am in the military and we train and mentor Health Service Management Apprentice. In an article entitled Amazing Women in War and Peace by Retired Captain Barbara A. Wilson she explained, "In October of 1778 Deborah Samson of Plimpton, Massachusetts disguised herself as a young man and presented herself to the American army as a willing volunteer to oppose the common enemy. She enlisted for the whole term of the war as Robert Shirtliffe and served in the company of Captain Nathan Thayer of Medway, Massachusetts." (Barbara, 1996) Women for years to come tried to join the military service only to be denied because of their gender. In May 1942 the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps was created to serve at aircraft service stations which freed men to do other vital duties needed by the military. In the spring of 1943 the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps was changed to the Women's Air Corp's. It was not until 8 July 1948 that the first woman, Esther M. Blake, was able to join the Air Force. In accordance with 5 U.S.C 2301. Merit Systems Principles," Recruitment should be from qualified individuals from appropriate sources in any endeavor to achieve a work force from all segments of society, and selection and advancement should be determined solely on the basis of relative ability, knowledge, and skills, after fair and open competition which assures that all receive equal opportunity." 5 U.S.C, 2006). What that means is no one can be denied employment because of their gender. This is one barrier that women like Deborah Samson and Esther M. Blake have paved the way to overcome. CONCLUSION In today's Air Force you can see that women play a big role in the military mission serving in many vital roles, from pilots to ground troops. History has taught us that we lose out on a lot of good ideas and employees if we discriminate against an individual because of race, gender, religion, etc... WORK CITIED 1. Amazing Women in War and Peace by Retired Captain Barbara A. Wilson, retrieved on 21 August 2006 from http://coelacanth.aug.com/captbarb/ 2. Air Force Pamphlet 36-2241 Volume 1, retrieved 25 August 2006 3. Retrieved 21 August 2006 from http://www.mspb.gov/

Free Essays on The Winnipeg General Strike

In the Canadian labour movement’s long and continuing history of struggles to establish its trade-union rights, no episode was more spectacular, explosive or meaningful than the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919. General strikes by definition involve working-class confrontations with authority and produce a massive disruption of society while paralysing economic life. They are â€Å"cataclysmic events [and] by their nature, unlikely to be created in a day.†1 The Winnipeg General Strike had many roots, including class polarization, working conditions and socialist ideas. The labour relations conflict was compounded during World War I and intensified when the war ended. On May 15, 1919, the labour conflict reached its climax as the whole productive life of the city ground to a halt and thousands of workers joined the union members in walking off their jobs, commencing the General Strike. In many ways Winnipeg was at war with itself. The city was divided socially, economically, geographically, and ethnically. 2 While labour and business battled for power, there was also an ethnic prejudice problem that plagued the city. Winnipeg was divided into two main groups: people of British origin and the more recent immigrants (who were labelled aliens), who were mostly from Eastern Europe. These immigrants inhabited the area north of the CPR rail tracks, which provided not only a physical division between the rich and the poor, but also an â€Å"ethnic schism.†3 In fact â€Å"in the areas largely populated by immigrants from central Europe, overcrowding, illiteracy, crime and seasonal unemployment rule[d].†4 Even the most skilled workers were affected. Despite the fact that they generally had better paying jobs than the unskilled workers, they still had to compete with child labour and did not have control over wages. Many of the recent immigrants from Britain ex perienced the working-class uprisings in the industrial revolution and brought with them ... Free Essays on The Winnipeg General Strike Free Essays on The Winnipeg General Strike In the Canadian labour movement’s long and continuing history of struggles to establish its trade-union rights, no episode was more spectacular, explosive or meaningful than the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919. General strikes by definition involve working-class confrontations with authority and produce a massive disruption of society while paralysing economic life. They are â€Å"cataclysmic events [and] by their nature, unlikely to be created in a day.†1 The Winnipeg General Strike had many roots, including class polarization, working conditions and socialist ideas. The labour relations conflict was compounded during World War I and intensified when the war ended. On May 15, 1919, the labour conflict reached its climax as the whole productive life of the city ground to a halt and thousands of workers joined the union members in walking off their jobs, commencing the General Strike. In many ways Winnipeg was at war with itself. The city was divided socially, economically, geographically, and ethnically. 2 While labour and business battled for power, there was also an ethnic prejudice problem that plagued the city. Winnipeg was divided into two main groups: people of British origin and the more recent immigrants (who were labelled aliens), who were mostly from Eastern Europe. These immigrants inhabited the area north of the CPR rail tracks, which provided not only a physical division between the rich and the poor, but also an â€Å"ethnic schism.†3 In fact â€Å"in the areas largely populated by immigrants from central Europe, overcrowding, illiteracy, crime and seasonal unemployment rule[d].†4 Even the most skilled workers were affected. Despite the fact that they generally had better paying jobs than the unskilled workers, they still had to compete with child labour and did not have control over wages. Many of the recent immigrants from Britain ex perienced the working-class uprisings in the industrial revolution and brought with them ...

Crime on the streets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crime on the streets - Essay Example There are cases in which a person coming from a problematic heredity has been developed a sound healthy personality. On the other hand we have stories of persons who were brought up in a malicious environment became good citizens. Consumerism has conquered the current world and the advancement in science and technology has raised the living standards. Poor people always watch the rich ones with surprise and jealousy. The thirst for such higher living standards and the negligence suffering from the society will force them to adopt any kind of activities in order to earn money irrespective of good or bad. Urban areas are more volatile to violence and criminal activities compared to rural areas. Persons living in areas with heavy concentrations of the very poor, experience anomie: a state of normlessness. The poor youths in such areas may not have good jobs and education which prevent them from achieving higher living standards. But their expectations and targets will always exceeds what actually they deserved or capable of achieving which may force them to engage in criminal activities. Rich people normally stay in urban areas with high degree of living standards. The poor around such rich community often come across with such higher living standards which eluded them because of their poverty. Desperations will creep up and the poor, especially the youths who have more frustrations compared to the older people, may start criminal activities like robbery, theft and pick pocketing. But poverty alone cannot be sited as the reasons for criminalization of poor urban youths. A persons poverty may very well shape other life experiences and life choices, but it has very little direct influence on criminal behaviour. For example, we have lot of examples in which even the richest people engaged in violent criminal activities. â€Å"Abused and neglected

Study Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Study Skills - Essay Example Study skills are never attained fully formed, any more than a grown man pops out of his mother’s womb. According to Cottrell(2003 p3)They evolve and mature through repetition, trial and error, critique from others and continued reflection as you progress through your individual journey as a learner The purpose of this module is to provide the opportunity to acquire and develop the study skills that will be necessary to successfully complete this course to a standard that I am aiming for. Being a competent independent learner is derived from being self motivated, being able to manage personal learning processes, good time management skills and continually reflecting on what and how you learn best and tailoring your energies to suit. Within this portfolio I will examine the development of learner independence, time management, self evaluation of personal learning, production of an action plan and improving my essay writing skills. If as anticipated this is completed successfully it will add additional skills to my current ones and aide me in my current quest to secure a higher second grade result on this degree course. Learner independence or autonomy can be defined as â€Å"capacity to take responsibility for, and control of, your own learning, whether in an institutionalised context, or completely independent of a teacher or institution† (Thornbury, 2006). Learner independence is the ability of the learners to control their learning process (Holec, 1981). In the present age, when knowledge is growing at very fast pace because of the ongoing research work and rapid advancements in technology, the importance of independent learning cannot be overemphasized. Learners must understand that the education they are provided with at institutions is time-constrained, and what they need to learn is not limited to what they are taught in schools. Most learners used to learning in

Good VS Evil Essay Example for Free

Good VS Evil Essay There are many different gangs; some only allow certain races or colors to be considered part of the gang. Other gangs require an entrance fee which includes doing something to prove you are worthy to become part of the gang. This is anywhere from sexual acts to thievery to violent crimes to include killing people. The age range of gangs varies tremendously and includes ages from 9 years to 40 years and even beyond in some cases. There is a gang called The Satanic Cult who is based in the Gaithersburg, MD area. Their actions are pretty synonymous with their name. They practice in the ways of ritual animal and human sacrifices. Those that were not Caucasians were not allowed as well as those who had brown hair. The age range varies within this gang and there is no specific entry fee but the moment the gang feels you are no longer part of the gang they will then kill you. The Crips are from Los Angeles and are predominantly African American. This gang is one of the largest in the US and is involved in numerous murders, robberies, drugs and other various forms of criminal activity. They are also always in open warfare with the Bloods, also from Los Angeles. The Bloods are similar to the Crips and were originally the Crips back in 1970 until an internal war started which separated the original gang. The bloods show much disrespect to the Crips and are generally involved in the same thing as the Crips. Both can be found in the US and Military databases as threats. The Mexican mafia, yet another faction in Los Angeles teaches their children from a very young age on how to hold and operate a gun, helps their friends and neighbors with drugs, mainly heroin and is prevalent with car jackings so that the parts can be sold on the black market. Everything this gang does is done broadly and openly among all family members, regardless of their age. In Oregon there is a different type of gang and that is the outlaw motorcycle related gangs. One of these gangs is called the Mongrols and have four different chapter is the Eugene and Central Oregon area. Their ultimate punishment for infractions is to beat to death, the person who allegedly did wrong against the club. Their main operations include motorcycle jackings, drugs, prostitution, trafficking, and assaults and have additional chapters in both Australia and Germany. There is an estimated 1 million gang members throughout the US. The majority of them are involved in various criminal activities and there are only a few gangs who do good. Motorcycle gangs from The American Legions across the US do rides together for the benefit of children. So even though this is a small percentage, it goes to show not all gangs are bad, granted the majority of them are. References Alonso, A. Los Angeles Gangs (c. 1999) http://www. streetgangs. com/history/history. html Mac. Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs Flying Colors in Oregon. 2008 http://nwhog. wordpress. com/2008/05/08/outlaw-motorcycle-gangs-flying-colors-in-oregon/

Observation of the Early Childhood :: Early Childhood Development

Observation of the Early Childhood An observation was held in the children'"s wing of Tarrant County Junior College. A variety of children between the ages of two to six were observed in activities ranging from physical and motor to social and cognitive development. Specifically I mean that whether it was leadership skills or lack of, running, climbing and jumping, drawing and writing, or anything that could fall between, it has been seen, done and accounted for in the following observation. First let's start with the physical and motor development. Please say hello to Karligh and Bethany, my first volunteers of the observation. Both girls are in the four-year olds. The first activities under physical and motor development that I'm going to observe them performing are the large muscle/gross-motor skills. The large muscle/gross-motor skills include: climbing across the monkey bars, riding bigwheels (or tricycles), and running through a built-in obstacle course on the playground. Starting with the monkey bars, it's clearly obvious that Karligh is physically stronger upperbody-wise than Bethany. With surprising ease, Karligh crossed the monkey bars using nothing but her arms to perform this task. Bethany on the otherhand was shaky and uncertain from the start. After hanging from the first bar, she quickly swung her feet over to the side for leg support. She was able to cross but only with a great deal of assistance from me. Karligh also showed mastery in riding the big wheel. Her speed and turning ability seemed to surpass anyone else on the playground. Bethany chose to ride only after a piece of candy bribery. Her tricycle skills were somewhat sluggish but more or less average. However, once again Bethany was victorious. The last large muscle activity was completing the obstacle course. The obstacle course involved running up a slide, crawling through a tunnel, crossing a shaky bridge and then walking along a balance beam. Karligh ran up the slide with a considerable amount of effort. She quickly crawled through the tunnel and crossed the shaky bridge with little effort. She crossed the balance beam more quickly than I'd seen any child do that whole day. Bethany climbed up the slide in a time that was a bit quicker than Karligh's. The crawling through the tunnel was done quickly and she was first stalled on the shaky bridge. She managed to cross the bridge in a modest time but she hit some trouble at the balance beam. After slowly completing about ten percent of the travel across

Token Economy

Leadership Model Jim Forrest was a skilled professional in related issues managing in substance abuse. Forrest had the opportunity to utilize his abilities as a lead in a mental health center. Forrest began his search for new employees by interviewing each person the same. Forrest talked to each candidate in the same style rather than finding out their strengths and weaknesses so he would have a better idea of where to place them to assist with client care. Although Forrest noticed positive change in client care, he also noticed concerns with his employees slowly surfacing.Forrest began to question his professional relationship with each member of his staff. It is important to recognize leadership comes in various styles to provide applicable direction to accomplish specific objectives in the workplace. Supervisory leadership must discuss the task and goals set for the organization clearly to its employees. Contingency Theory believes individuals are different; therefore there is not one way that is the best way of leading a team. Contingency Theory takes a look at the bigger picture that contains dynamics about supervisory leadership skill and other variables within the circumstances.Success of any organization is influenced by a variety of reasons, one of which is leadership style. One style of leadership may not be appropriate in some cases, however may be best in others. Supervisory Process There are 4 main steps in the supervisory process. The first is the beginning phase of the purpose of the supervisor. One of the elements of this process is obtaining reviews from staff and discussing concerns and ideas to make working together more productive (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, Chapter 7, 2007).In case 7, Jim did not get feedback from his new staff about the implementation of the token economy. The middle phase of the process is the stage where Jim should have realized that his way was not working for everyone; he should have been open minded and ready to make ch anges when concerns were voiced to him, instead he thought that giving them freedom to make their own schedules they should be following the way he wanted things to be done.At this point Jim should have discussed issues and created an action plan. Jim is now in the facilitative confrontation phase (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, Chapter 7, 2007), problems have began to surface and Jim hears complaining, with the incident of no one being there when he needed Jim will need to sit and discuss his role with the staff and their issues with the way things are being ran.The transition phase is when changes are made (Lewis, Packard, & Lewis, Chapter 7, 2007). If Jim follows through with the confrontation phase, he may be ready to compromise token economy and focus on rules and regulations to get everyone on the same page to productively help clients. Reference Lewis, J. A. , Packard, T. , & Lewis, M. D. (2007). Management of Human Service Programs (4th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoe nix eBook Collection database..

Case Study †a Sickeningly Sweet Baby Boy Essay - 3182 Words

Case Study – A Sickeningly Sweet Baby Boy Part I Questions 1. What additional information would you want to know to understand Emma and Jacob’s panic? To understand the cause of the panic that was brought to Jacob and Emma, you would need to know more about the state of the baby. This article just describes that the boy was having difficulty feeding, and after seven days he stopped feeding. This isn’t a situation that brings upon panic right away, but for Emma and Jacob it did. The panic was partly because they had already had a child that died from unknown reasons in the first nine days of his life, and didn’t want to lose another. The state of the current baby, such as if it was premature, or if it was very sick looking and†¦show more content†¦Part II Questions Pedigree charts are useful tools used by genetic counselors to look for the incidence of disease within multiple generation families. Each generation is shown on a separate row. 1. Label the pedigree chart below to explain the relationships and the disease incidence within this family. Be sure to include Emma, Jacob, Samuel, Matthew, Emma’s father, Emma’s mother, Emma’s aunts, Jacob’s mother, Jacob’s father, and Jacob’s aunt. Please see Pedigree sheet: Case Study: A Sickeningly Sweet Baby Boy 2. Indicate on your pedigree chart the individuals who are carriers by shading half of each circle or square. Please see Pedigree sheet: Case Study: A Sickeningly Sweet Baby Boy 3. Define the terms genotype, phenotype, homozygous and heterozygous. Genotype: The make-up of alleles for a particular trait in an organism. For example, if black was a recessive trait in chickens, coded for by b, and there was a black chicken, its genotype would be bb. Phenotype: The physical appearance of a trait in an organism. The phenotype of the above chicken is that it is black. A phenotype could be that a person has blue eyes, or curly hair. Homozygous: Refers to expressing the same alleles for a particular trait. If black was dominant for the above chicken, and the alleles were coded for by B, if it was homozygous, the chicken’s genotype would be BB. Heterozygous: Refers

The Theory Of The s Theory - 898 Words

Associationists are believers that a person is born as a tabula rasa or a blank slate where everything that has been learnt has been imprinted upon through connections made in the environment. This is why lemons are associated with being sour or a cloudy day is thought to signify rain. Stemming back centuries, many renown thinkers of their time have contributed to the theory. The ideology can be first traced back to Aristotle, a Greek philosopher who among many other things held a specific interest in memory. His view is thought to be the beginning of what will come to be known as associationism, explained as the formation of memory depended on bridging similar events, sensations or ideas together. By associating them, when one-half of the association is recalled it rouses a memory or causes a person to be apprehensive of the other half. Aristotle believed that there were three main principles when it came to association. First was contiguity where the nearness in space (spatial contiguity) and time (temporal contiguity) causes the events to become associated with each other. Another principle is frequency, the more often the experienced events are contiguous the stronger they are imprinted into the mind as being connected. The final principle is similarity where if two things are similar then one thought or sensation will naturally come to spark the thou ght of the other. John Locke was another philosopher who came to dwell upon Aristotle’s theory of associations. HeShow MoreRelatedVygotsky s Theories Theory Theories994 Words   |  4 PagesPSY112 Assignment #1 Devyn Crocker Vygotsky’s Theories Vygotsky’s theories jumped out at me because I thought that this was an interesting topic of choice.I am very interested in learning how children develop, not only in the classroom, but also outside the classroom. 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The E Z Guide For Student Loans ( Stafford Loans )

The E-Z Guide To Student Loans (Stafford Loans) By M Tutor | Submitted On April 13, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Student Loans are a bit overwhelming at first. Especially when you ve just graduated high school and you have so much other stuff on your plate. I remember when I graduated high school, the only thing I wanted to know was What will it take for me to get a college degree. Whatever it was, I was prepared to do it. So I applied for financial assistance using FAFSA (the letters stand for Free Application for Federal Assistance in case you were wondering). Then once I actually got to college, I was ushered into a room and made to sign all this paperwork with the underlining idea being: Unless you re going to pay your tuition cash or through some scholarship fund, you need to sign these student loan documents. I ended up signing and practically forgot about my student loans until I graduated. Then I got the bill.... OH BOY! I believe everyone should know something about student loans before signing your life away... I mean the loan documents. Not to say that student loans are BAD per say, just that an informed person is more prepared to deal with something thanShow MoreRelatedMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesDSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS 4 5 AND SUBTITLES. (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 6 ‘‘Affordable Health Care for America Act’’. VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:56 Oct 30, 2009 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH H3962 2 1 2 (b) TABLE TITLES.—This OF DIVISIONS, TITLES, AND SUB- Act is divided into divisions, titles, and 3 subtitles as follows: DIVISION A—AFFORDABLE HEALTH CARE CHOICES TITLE I—IMMEDIATE REFORMS Read MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 Pagestransaction Conclusion 38 40 4 An Essay on the History of a Merger: The Case of the National Bank of Canada Raymond Thà ©oret and Franà §ois-Éric Racicot 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Introduction The structures of the two merged banks The new merged bank A low P/E ratio for the stock of national bank Conclusion 42 42 43 50 53 54 5 Corporate Diversification: The Costs and Benefits of Synergy Felipe Balmaceda 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Introduction Related literature The model The analysis Robustness Conclusion Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPoint/Counterpoint Employer–Employee Loyalty Is an Outdated Concept 87 Questions for Review 88 Experiential Exercise What Factors Are Most Important to Your Job Satisfaction? 89 Ethical Dilemma Bounty Hunters 89 Case Incident 1 Long Hours, Hundreds of E-Mails, and No Sleep: Does This Sound Like a Satisfying Job? 90 Case Incident 2 Crafting a Better Job 91 4 Emotions and Moods 97 What Are Emotions and Moods? 98 The Basic Emotions 100 †¢ The Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect 100 †¢ The

Critical Period for Language Development

Question: 1. Describe what is meant by the term critical period with reference to language development and evaluate the idea that there is critical period for language development. 2. Sam is a Type A, insecurely attached avoidant child. Describe the behaviours you would expect to observe from Sam in the estrange situation task. How would these differ from children showing other attachment styles? What are the effects of being an insecurely attached avoidant child likely to be for Sam? Answer: Language is the main perspective that differentiates human beings from animals. Language is the reason for many civilizations survival. When writing was not invented, oral recitation of prose and poems for 5000 years is the only reason for the survival of many ancient texts and literatures all around the world. Language is what makes man to stand above all living beings; the emotions are expressed through the use of language by man. Theorists though have developed various approaches to understand the developmental phases of language development. A close connection exists between the development of though and the development of language. Social context and social development also plays role in the development of language. In the development of language various theorists attributes importance to various factors. Children are pre-programmed and have an innate ability to acquire language was stressed by the nativist views. The importance of the language environment is focused by the behaviourists. The other theorists view was influenced by both cognitive and social development that stressed that the development of language is a complex interaction between the infants and environment. There are various phases in language development. There are various approaches to understand the language development like Evolutionary, cognitive and social. The critical learning phase starts in early childhood. The initial learning phase of language by man is called critical period of language development. Lennberg (1976) is the first researcher who hypothesized the critical period for language acquisition in his book Biological Foundation of Language. He emphasized that during the critical period it is easy to gain the normal level of acquisition. According to him this period lasts up to puberty. After that it becomes difficult to acquire the appropriate level of language skills. he also claimed that until this critical period lateralization function of brain increases on its peak and after this period it stops growing. CPH is based on two main objectives, which are neural functional growth and behavioural growth. If one talks about changes in brain that lasts up to puberty (during the critical period) neuronal cells in brains increases rapidly that helps to develop the language. Parts of the brain that helps to develop language acquisition are in the left hemisphere of the brain; it reaches its maturation after lateralization. Lenneberg explained that at the time of birth both the hemispheres are equal but gradually the parts to control language development are selected down in the left hemisphere after puberty or till up to critical period. Lateralization is division of functions in the brains hemispheres. After lateralization the brain loses its flexibility. The process of lateralization is completed almost around puberty. Both the hemispheres of the brain have equally distributed functions but a few functions like language development skills are performed by both the hemisphere. The left hemisph ere is the seat for the grammar and vocabulary while the right hemisphere controls the emotions. The idea of CPH is supported by three other cases in the past. The cases are about the children and the adults who spent their life in isolation and had no chance to learn language. The two cases are about Isabelle and Genie. Isabelle was a deaf mute girl and her mother was also deaf. Till the age of six and a half Isabelle led a life of isolation up to the time she was found and rescued. Further with proper care and help she was able to learn language as she was under the critical stage of the language development. Brown stressed Isabelle was able to learn language in two years, that a six year old would learn at her age and at the age of eight she seemed like any other normal child for her age. (Brown, 1958) The other case is of Genie, a teenage girl who was locked for years by her own father, and later sent to a foster care at the age of 13 and half. Experts found out that Genies vocabulary learning capacity was of a five year old way behind for her age group. She had difficulty in learning grammar but was able to use two words like Mummy play and negations like no want milk her vocabulary learning capacity was way better than grammar learning. The experts also asserted that the difficulty in developing language by Genie was because she did not get proper help in her critical period and she reached puberty; making it difficult for her to get a command on language. (Curtiss, 1977) A child goes through various stages of language development, which include: Pre-linguistic stage The Holophrase or One-word sentence- 10-13months The Two-word sentence- 18months Multiple-word sentences- 2-2.5 Complex Grammatical structures- 2.5-3yrs Adult-Like Language structures- 5-6yrs In the above mentioned cases the children never got the chance to achieve these milestones. Passing through the developmental phases is essential for the development of effective and efficient language skills. Another similar case of a lady named Chelsea, she had started t learn her language in her thirties. This case is quite similar to that of Genie because Chelsea could learn to make sentences using syntax only, for example on floor sitting or blue the sky. According to Lanneberg children who suffered brain damage recovered faster than those children who have completed their critical period of lateralization. These hypothesises of Lenneberg were challenged by Krashen (1982) after considerably re-examining the data Krashen revealed that all the cases where the subjects were under the critical period phase where similar to the adults who were above the critical period age. (Lenneberg, 1967) (Krashen, 1982) For the further study and understanding of CPH studying the cases of the Down syndrome is critical. Many theorists claim that the children suffering from the syndrome showed sign of slower development compared to the other children from the similar age group. According to Gleitman, these childrens ability to grow is limited as they have passed the critical period of language learning. As stated by Johnson and Newport there exists a decline in the proficiency of learning with the increase in the age. They also emphasized that though the adults were quick learners in second languages they were not proficient. People who began learning a second language in the childhood achieved higher level of proficiency in accent and grammar. This clearly justifies the idea of the existence of a critical period of learning. Johnson and Newport conducted some research with Chinese and Korean learners, where English was learned as a second language. Most of the adults showed very slow progress. They had difficulty to speak English as they spoke their respective native languages. The ability to pick up the language was quick among these adults but they showed lower level of performance if compared to children. (Johnson Newport, 1989) Similar experiments were conducted by Patricia Kuhl and her colleagues. In their studies, the learning of second language by the subjects highlighted that the sounds are gradually grouped by the brain according to their similarity with the phonemes in the native language. For example: A continuous spectrum of artificial phonemes between /r/ and /l/ when asked to categorize. Not Japanese speakers but native English speakers, tended to perceive sounds as all sounds like either /r/ or /l/. These phenomena Khul has likened to Perceptual magnet. Defined by their audio graphic spectrum, related but varying sounds are evidently grouped together. Further eventually is perceived to represent the same phoneme. The process fails to occur without ongoing experience during the critical period. Interestingly these phonetic distinctions compared to normal speech among adults is emphasized by the parentese and the baby-talk used by parents while speaking to young children actually. (Purves, Augustin e, Fitzpatrick, 2001) Though Lennebergs theory of lateralization and Downss syndrome was proved wrong, CPH has always been a central idea of research in language acquisition. Thus language learning for its development entails amplification and reshaping of innate biases by appropriate postnatal experience during the critical period. 2. A child may be emotionally or socially destroyed if he does not get a close and secure relationship with his mother in early childhood. For the development of a child into a responsible adult it is very crucial that the child is given proper care and affection in is early childhood. A sense of support and trust is very essential for a health development in early childhood for a childs physical as well as mental health. But as it is said that too much of anything is bad; too much of attachment also hampers the growth of a child. Various theories and research have been proposed to study attachment but the theory of attachment for the first time was given by John Bowlby in his book Lasting Psychological Connectedness between Human beings. According to John attachment is the relationship or a bond developed between the mother or a care giver and the child. Bowlby and other theorists like Mary Ainsworth defined that children are born with innate sense of attachment. Children who get complete support and attachment or care they feel comfort and protection, and these are the children who achieve adulthood safely. The main points of Bowlby theory are: 1. Monotropy: A child has a need to attach one main attachment figure; mostly it is the mother. 2. Bowlby believes that from this one important attachment figure the child should receive continuous care for approximately first two years of his/her life. 3. Reduced intelligence, delinquency, depression, increased aggression and affectionless psychopathy might be the long term consequences of maternal deprivation. 4. Short term separation according to Robertson and Bowlby from teh attachment figure leads to distress. The three stages of distress given are: Despair, Protest Detachment The development of an internal working model is lead by the childs attachment relationship with their primary caregiver. The following figure explains the relationship better: Source: (Mcleod, 2007) The relationship between the infant and the mother during the first five years of life is believed by John Bowlby are most crucial to socialization. Higher incidences of juvenile delinquency, antisocial behaviour and emotional difficulties would be resulted if the primary attachment relationship is disrupted. Mary Ainsworth who has elaborated on the works of Bowlby conducted an experiment to better understand the concept by observing the mother child relationship, observing and assessing the behaviour of child; she named her research the Strange Situation. Her experiments which lasted for 20 minutes each she made sequence of events of leaving of mother and entrance of strangers in the experiment room and noted the behaviour and reactions of the child. Mary later categorised her findings into four different outcomes of behaviour. Furthermore her experiments explained three attachment styles- Secure style (B) Insecure avoidant (A) Insecure ambivalent/resistant type (C) (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, 1978) As stressed by Larose and Bernier the insecure avoidant type C child like Sam think of themselves as unworthy and unacceptable, due a rejecting primary caregiver. An insecure child finds it difficult to focus on their emotions according to the environment. The children like Sam are very independent of the attachment figure both physically and emotionally. (Larose Bernier, 2001) To develop a better understanding lets take a look at the four types of behaviour classifications. In a normal situation, from their first years the children learn emotions, they express joy, sadness and anxiety when faced with different stimuli. From the 8 month a child starts to show fear for strangers. He seeks security from the mother when approached by a stranger. Between 7 to 12 months the fear of separation from his mother starts and peaks between 15 to 18 months and after these years it starts to decline. Secure attachment: According to Ainsworths study 70% of children showed insecure attachment behaviour. These children got stressed as the mother left; these children avoided and feared the strangers when the mother was not in the experiment room. On the other hand when the mother was in the experiment room and the strangers approached the children these children played with them. The moment the children reunited with their mothers they showed a sense of comfort and happiness. From the experiment it can be concluded that the children experience joy and are carefree in the presence of their mothers. Insecure Ambivalent: The ambivalent attachment styled children comprised of 15% in the experiment. These children were severely disturbed. When the mothers left the room these children protested a lot and when the mother returned the children kicked and pushed her away and cried. The children got aggressive and did not show any attachment for a while. These children explored less when they were with their mothers. These children in any condition did not felt comfortable with the strangers; they seemed upset at all times no matter the situation. Disorganised attachment: These types of children show a lack of clear attachment. The behaviours demonstrated by these children are of avoidance and resistance-mix. They are confused in the presence of the care giver because the care giver acts as the figure of both fear and reassurance. (Main Hesse, 1990) Insecure avoidant: These children are very independent of the care giving figure. They are calm when the mother leaves and showed very little distress with the presence of stranger. When they reunite with the mother they do not show much excitement or happiness. In these experiments the children in this group did not explore much of the surroundings. This is due to the care givers insensitivity and rejection of the children needs. Sam belongs to the Insecure Avoidant type of attachment style. If he were to be in the experiment room he would have show very little reaction to the introduced stimuli. He would have sit calmly with his mother and when the mother leaves and stranger comes in Sam would show no sign of distress. Sam will feel comfort while play with the stranger; he will easily adjust to the presence of stranger in the room and show not much interest when he reunites with his mother. Sam would seem comfortable with both the mother and the stranger. He would interact with the strangers very normally. He will seem to less explore around the room or socialize when with his mother. (Lamb, Gardner, Thompson, Charnov, 1985) The children like Sam often belong to a family where alcoholism and drug addiction have resulted in a dysfunctional family. In European countries these same situations were evident in the orphanage. Infants were left in their cribs for long hours and only fed and cleaned and no emotional attachment was extended to them. Thus making them believe as a burden and the babies started to believe that they had very little or no impact on the world. The world to children like Sam is a cold and scary place. (Main Solomon, Discovery of an insecure-disorganised/disoriented attachment pattern:Procedures, findings, and implications for the classification of behaviour, 1986) If Sam continues to live like this and the same insensitivity and rejection are used to bring him up he will become a dysfunctional and doomed for an isolated life. He will fail to express his emotions to others. Sam might become developmentally delayed. He may develop to be a passive adult; he may develop an attachment disorder for life. He will grow up to show an awkward behaviour in the social life. The child also develops such insensitivity if he has been abused physically, or witnesses a domestic violence or sexual abuse. As it is that he brain is hard wired to love the care givers and fear the ones who hurt us the situation when the care giver hurts the child the childs brain gets dual responses. In the infants brain a dual response is set. A chaos is created in his environment. He would at times ignore people and at times people will ignore him. If this continues for long it will result into anxiety, stress and depression and might make Sam suicidal. Insecure attachment style not only ruins childhood but also adult life. According to Becks cognitive theory of depression it has been evident that the influence of negative cognitions results in the development of depression. The child thus grows into an adult who avoids social life and is isolated life. They show malfunction and maladjustments to the normal social life. A life partners intimacy is also not comfortable to these people and then they avoid any physical or emotional attachment to anyone. These children grow up to avoid relationships and emotions and are very little attached to anyone. If married or in relationship these people show very little distress if the relationship ends. These people avoid intimacy. They give excuses to avoid getting close to their partners. They always fail to support their family or partners when they are needed. People with lack of human contact would eventually die. If a child develops in a secure environment or in any of the avoidant attachment environment it is necessary for them. Though, it is important that children get proper care and understanding from their mothers. Thus children like Sam grow up to become a dysfunctional part of the society contributing very little. It affects the relationship they form with others whether the relationships are functional or dysfunctional all depends on the early childhood care and development. Thus if seen through the above mentioned theories Sam would grow into develop anti social behaviour, will face emotional difficulties, will not be able to develop functional relationships and also show juvenile delinquencies while growing up. References Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Brown, E. R. (1958). Words and Things. The Free Press. Curtiss, S. (1977). A Psychological study of a Modern Day Wild Child. New York: New York: Academic Press. Johnson, J. S., Newport, E. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of the matuational statebon the acqusition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology , 21, 60-99. Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Michigan: Pergamon. Lamb, M. E., Gardner, W., Thompson, R. A., Charnov, E. L. (1985). Infant-Mother attachment: The origins and significance of individual difference in Strange Situation Behaviour. Larose, S., Bernier, A. (2001). Social Support Processes: Mediators of attachmetn state of mind. Determinants of infant Behaviour , 3, 96-120. Lenneberg, E. H. (1967). Biological Foundation of language. New York: NY:John Wiley. Main, M., Hesse, E. (1990). Parents unresolved traumatic experiences are realted to infant disorganised attachmetn status:Is frightened/frightening parental behaiour the linking mechanism? University of the Chicago Press. Main, M., Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of an insecure-disorganised/disoriented attachment pattern:Procedures, findings, and implications for the classification of behaviour. Ablex. Mcleod, S. (2007). Bowlby's Attachment Theory . Retrieved June 3, 2015, from Simple Psychology: https://www.simplypsychology.org/bowlby.html Purves, D., Augustine, G., Fitzpatrick, D. (2001). Neuroscience. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.

Contribution of the Small Business Sector to the Uk Economy free essay sample

What can be defined as a small business depends on various factors of which two are vital: the industry segment and market in which the business runs. There have been many attempts to define the small business. For example the Bolton Committee (1971) came to conclusion that there should be: †¢statistical definition the size is important factor (number of employees and annual turnover or value of assets), and †¢economic definition qualitative measure of small business. This is explained more in detail in the Table 1 and Table 2 on the next page. Table 1 – Bolton’s statistical definition of small business The Statistical definitions Manufacturing200 employees or less Construction, mining and quarrying25 employees or less Retail and miscellaneous servicesTurnover of ? 50 000 or less Motor tradesTurnover of ? 100 000 or less Wholesale TradesTurnover of ? 200 000 or less Road transport5 vehicles or less CateringAll excluding multiple and brewery managed houses Source: Deakins, D. and Freel, M. (2003) Entrepreneurship and small firms Table 2 – Bolton’s economic definition of small business The Economic definition Small firms are those which: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Contribution of the Small Business Sector to the Uk Economy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Have a relatively small share of their market place 2. Are managed by owners or part-owners in a personalised way, and not through the medium of formalised management structure 3. Are independent, in the sense of not being part of a large enterprise Source: Deakins, D. and Freel, M. (2003) Entrepreneurship and small firms European Commission (EC) considers any entity regardless of its legal form but engaged in economic activity to be an enterprise, Deakins and Freel (2003). To overcome issues around identifying a definition for small business in particular, EC has decided to use the phrase small and medium-sized enterprise (SMEs), and it includes micro enterprise, small enterprise and medium enterprise altogether. To be classed as SME business must have less than 250 employees and must meet one of other two factors: †¢Annual revenue (turnover) must not exceed 50 million euro, or †¢Annual balance sheet total must not exceed 43 million euro. This is to ensure that all SMEs get fair treatment independent on the environment and type of the economy they operate in. More in detail the new definition from 2005 by European Union is explained in Table 3. Table 3 – EU SMEs definition Source: Storey, D. J. and Greene, F. J. (2010) Small Business and Entrepreneurship UK generally accepts the EU definition from 2005 and to be in line with it Euro values are converted to Sterling Pound. The Companies Act 2006 however, for the need of accounting requirements, has its own definition (sections 382 and 465), UCL (2012). According to this a medium size company has 250 employees or less, with turnover of ? 25. 9 million or less and balance sheet total of under ? 12. million, where as a small company has 50 members of staff or less, with annual turnover of ? 6. 5million or less and balance sheet total of no more than ? 3. 26 million. There is no mention of micro size business in this. There is also a definition that divides small and medium businesses relating to Value Added Taxation (VAT) registration, as every company must be registered for VAT if the y meet a threshold. This is a relative measure of business population as it is sensitive to changes of thresholds. For the UK it is currently at ? 77 000, the highest registration threshold in the EU, Seely (2012). Many other definitions of SMEs can be found as many different organisations and bodies in the UK come up with their own definitions to suit their purposes. Different countries also have their own definitions: in USA and Canada small business can have up to 500 employees, in Germany limit is 255 employees, while in Belgium it is 100 employees. Overall, everybody agrees that SMEs are companies whose employee headcount or annual turnover falls below certain threshold, as well as that it must be autonomous. In 1924 Census of Production data started being published periodically and this is considered to be the oldest reliable source of statistical information on SMEs. This data was very much imperfect mainly for the reason that it was referring only to the manufacturing sector, Storey and Green (2010). Earliest records show that 45 per cent of employment within the manufacturing segment was coming from small business establishments. In 1960s and 1970s it decreased to only 30 per cent. Reasons are of political nature. There was an evident dominance by large firms of the economy during the mid and late twentieth century. Large factories were the main suppliers of resources needed during and after World War 1 and World War 2 because of the fact that mass-production carries lower costs. In the 1960s there was a growth of socialism and labour party found it was easier to politically control larger businesses and nationalised industries than small ones, so there wasn’t much room for SMEs to develop in those circumstances, Carter and Jones-Evans (2012). For about two decades 60 per cent of manufacturing was covered by government committees running large business establishments. It was believed that large businesses were the future and that small companies will fade away with time. Things started to change a little bit when United Kingdom joined the European Community in 1973, as Government power was somewhat restricted by European policies. Big changes, however, started to happen with Thatcher’s Government (1979-1991), when previously nationalised industries were privatised again. It was the first Government in the UK to promote self-employment and, consequently, increase in self-employment was noted, Storey and Green (2010). Other reasons, apart from the political support, were big development of new technologies in 1980s, evolution of service sector and increase of competitiveness, which altogether contributed to the restructure in labour market and changes in business practice. The number of small and medium enterprises increased from 2. 3 million in 1979 to 4. 8 million at the beginning of 2012, Carter and Jones-Evans (2012). Although the Government doesn’t develop small businesses, entrepreneurs do, it has got a reflective effect on how they operate and their opportunities to rise and develop further. Carter and Jones-Evans (2012) mention three key magnitudes of government role: †¢Government acts as a regulator (standardizes legal forms, sets rules and limits as well as regulations of customer protection, licensing and environment related issues), †¢Government acts as economic agent (controls taxes, charges, debts and spends), †¢Government acts as strategic planner and promoter (offers grants, loans, support and guidance). USA was first to recognise the extent of the importance of SMEs and it is believed this is the exact reason for the higher development of their economy comparing to other parts of the world. UK and Europe are trying to follow footsteps of the USA and they are making efforts to encourage entrepreneurship. The first EU document that recognised entrepreneurship as the driver of the economy was The Green-Paper in 1984, ec. europa. eu (2012). Ever since there was a growing interest in this subject and it is becoming more of priority to ensure means and support for people willing to get involved as a way for unemployment to be reduced. Different policies are established to promote entrepreneurship. There are many established organisations in the current environment offering their services for this purpose throughout the UK. The major national financial package available to small businesses and offered by Government is the Small Firm Loan Guarantee Scheme (SFLGS), which was started in 1983 but became more significant in late 2000s. Enterprise Allowance Scheme and Business Start-up Scheme were also set up in 1980s, Carter and Jones-Evans (2012). UK Business Angels is another strong association of now days running in the UK that offers funds in early stages of setting-up a business through external third party investments. But obtaining funds isn’t the main concern that people who decide to set-up their own business have, as many surveys on SMEs revealed. They are more worried about the economic stability and this is what they want the Government to ensure, Storey (1994). Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) comes to place here, as their primary purpose is to create the best conditions for the growth of private sector, BIS (2012). General aim of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) is to explore on the national level the extents of the connection between the economic growth and entrepreneurship. There are expressions of growing interest by GEM in the importance of women’s enterprise. The data from UK’s Annual Population and Labour Force Surveys is historical evidence that there has always been around half of self-employed women comparing to the number of self-employed man, Storey and Green (2010). Table 4 contains extracted cells from the Annual Population Survey published by Office for National Statistics, NOMISweb (2012), for the purpose of this report, relating to self-employment by gender. Table 4 – Self-employment by the gender, Annual Population Survey 2012, NOMISResource: NOMIS website, (2012) It shows that there is only 5. 6 per cent of self-employed women comparing to 13. per cent of men in 2012, which is even less than in past. This topic has received very little attention until the 1980s. Since then, more and more research is being done to try and understand the circumstances surrounding this matter, with the hope that it would produce results in a higher rate of start-ups by women. Another interesting fact is that even with all the effor ts that the Government is doing to educate and target young people to get involved, the proportion of over 45 year old self-employed people has increased instead, Storey and Green (2010). Table 5 shows that small and medium enterprises accounted for 99. 9 per cent of total 4. 8 million private businesses, while employing 59. 1per cent of people out of 23. 9 million in private sector and generating a turnover of ? 1 500 billion, which is about the half of the total private sector’s revenue (48. 8 per cent precisely). 99. 2 per cent of these businesses had less than 50 employees. It is very important to highlight that 74. 2 per cent of private companies had 0 employees and consisted of owner only (3. 6 million out of 4. 8 million businesses), White (2012). Self-employment is a massive factor and big opportunity for creating new jobs and more attention should be appointed to that direction. The private sector has increased by 38. 6 per cent coming up to its highest level since year 2000 when the comparable data started to be recorded. The number of SMEs in this period has increased by 38. 7 per cent giving them all the recognition for the improvement, while the number of large enterprises decreased by 10. 2 per cent for the same time. These figures prove the great role they have in the economy’s growth as they take most of the credit for the progress of the private sector, White (2012). Only 44. 7 per cent of businesses are registered for VAT, more than half aren’t as their turnover is less than ? 77 000 a year, Seely (2012). Disadvantages for SMEs are, because of their size, they have no influence on the environment and very much depend on it, which is why they are surrounded by a very high element of risk of market failure. On their own they can’t have an impact on the Government policies. They specialise on a high level in certain products or services and have a close connection with their customers, as they rest principally on local loyalty. Most often they are run by their owners who are more focused on a short term endurance and cash, so they must be able to be flexible and respond quickly to changes. Fees for setting-up a business are not little. On rare occasions they are funded by external equity, because of much higher interest rates they are required to pay comparing to large companies, so the most common funds used are owner’s savings and short term loans. Because of it, there is a general concern that their restricted means may slow down their expansion as they might have less contact with new technologies and innovations. Therefore, it becomes more and more Government’s priority to give them guidance and financial support. As mentioned earlier, there are many organisations in the UK offering this kind of service to encourage starting own business and reduce the unemployment to ensure economic, social and political security. SME’S BY THE REGIONS IN THE UK The entrepreneurship policy has got a large domain that incorporates activity at a few elevations of government, from local to national to international level, Huggins and Williams (2009). As a culture is seen to be a central role to development of local entrepreneurship, it isn’t a surprise that there are substantial differences in economic performance across regions within nations. The subnational level is an important dimension for SMEs in particular, because they are very neatly related to the local environment and the community, which they critically depend on. Different regions have different culture, therefore have different needs, as well as different resources, possibilities and opportunities. Space, place and local environment play a big part. This is where difference in regional and local business start-up rates and the rate of success of those businesses comes from. This is considered to be a positive factor as it encourages competition between the regions, and competitiveness is the important element for economy growth. Regions compete by achieving high levels of innovation and upgrading and developing new business ideas. Business population estimates (BPE) for the UK and regions, statistical release by BIS (2012), suggests that out of estimated 4. 8 million private sector businesses in the UK at the beginning of the year 2012, 86. per cent were in England (around 4. 2 million). Table 6 – Number of businesses in the UK private sector, by UK region and country, start of 2012 (figures representing thousands). Source: White, S. (2012) Business population estimates for the UK and regions 2012 The information presented in Table 6 has been extracted out of BPE 2012 and it shows that London alone had 806 000 businesses leading the way with 16. 7 per cent of total number in the UK. South East had the next largest number, accounting for 15. 7 per cent of total, while North East had the lowest share of businesses in England. Northern Ireland with 114 000 was at the bottom of UK’s league. A big variation of entrepreneurship on local levels is detectable. Interesting thing to mention, Storey and Green (2010) collected statistical data which shows that positions of mentioned regions were pretty much static over a 30 year period, with London always being at the top and the North East always at the bottom. One of the reasons for some locations gaining competitive advantage over others and growing at a faster rate is that not all locations manage to change in line with changes in the economy. Also, successful cities are more attractive for innovative people who are seeking for an opportunity, and this helps further growth of already developed region. Competitiveness varies depending on different drivers of growth, but it is seen to be the key for the entrepreneurship, Sautet and Kirzner (2006). SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Although there is no a single definition used to describe them, the Small and Medium Enterprises in the UK are considered to be the ones with less than 250 employees. This report highlighted evident indications of enormous importance of SMEs to the UK’s economy through historical evidence and current facts from statistical data. They present 99. 9 per cent of total number of businesses in private sector, while employing nearly 60 per cent of private sector’s staff and taking nearly a half of its annual revenue at the same time. They can be fragile, as they are in more danger of market failure than large companies and very dependable on immediate environment, but that didn’t prevent their growth with numbers doubling over the past 30 years. They are drivers of the competition, innovation and the economy development and they are seen to be a solution for the growth of the economy and source of new job creation. Many factors were mentioned that affect SMEs in both good and bad ways, but overall the clear message is that they do need a lot of Government’s help. Many organisations and associations now days are available to ensure support and guidance they require, some of them are named earlier in the report. Local differences encourage competition between regions and this contributes to growth of the entrepreneurship. But there is uncertainty that comes from the economic instability day to day and high fees and charges they need to pay. As the way forward the Government should find a way to inspire more women and younger population in general to use their skills in a productive manner and start their own business, because there lays a big opportunity. It should also look in maybe changing some policies to reduce costs of starting-up businesses and find ways to release more resources and grants to make the process easier for people who have potential and want to do it, but simply can’t afford it.